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Admiral of the Fleet Sir James Hope, GCB (3 March 1808 – 9 June 1881) was a Royal Navy officer. As a captain he was present at the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado during the Uruguayan Civil War and then in the Baltic Sea during the Crimean War. Hope became Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and China Station and, when the Chinese authorities refused to allow British and French ministers to travel to Peking, he was instructed to force the Hai River. He assembled a squadron of eleven gunboats and other vessels and, at the Second Battle of the Taku Forts, he led an assault on the forts at the mouth of the river in a resumption of the Second Opium War. However the forts had been strengthened and the squadron encountered firm resistance from the Chinese defenders: Hope was forced to retreat. Two years later the Russians attempted to establish a year-round anchorage on the coast of the island of Tsushima, a Japanese territory located between Kyushu and Korea, in what became known as the in the Tsushima Incident. Hope arrived with two British warships and forced the Russian corvette ''Posadnik'' to withdraw. The following year he provided assistance to the Imperial Chinese Army in putting down the Taiping Rebellion. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station and then Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth. ==Early career== Born the son of Rear-Admiral Sir George Johnstone Hope and Lady Jemima Hope Johnstone (daughter of James Hope-Johnstone, 3rd Earl of Hopetoun), Hope entered the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth as a cadet in August 1820.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Sir James Hope )〕 He was appointed to the fifth-rate HMS ''Forte'' on the North America and West Indies Station and then transferred to the fourth-rate HMS ''Cambrian'' in the Mediterranean Fleet.〔Heathcote, p. 116〕 Promoted to lieutenant on 9 March 1827, he joined the fifth-rate HMS ''Maidstone'' on the East Indies Station in September 1827.〔 He became flag lieutenant to the Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth in August 1829 and, having been promoted to commander on 26 February 1830, he became commanding officer of the sloop HMS ''Racer'' on the North America and West Indies Station in July 1833.〔 Promoted to captain on 28 June 1838, Hope became commanding officer of the paddle steamer HMS ''Firebrand'' on the South America Station in December 1844 and was present at the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado in November 1845 during the Uruguayan Civil War.〔 At Punta Obligado, under heavy fire, he supervised the cutting of the chain that defended the Paraná River.〔 He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 3 April 1846. Hope went on to be commanding officer of the steam frigate HMS ''Terrible'' in the Mediterranean Fleet in November 1849 and then commanding officer of the second-rate HMS ''Majestic'' at Sheerness in February 1854.〔 In HMS ''Majestic'' he saw action in the Baltic Sea during the Crimean War.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James Hope (Royal Navy officer)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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